28
Intended Learning Outcomes for this Topic
2
➌ Identify the primary architectures for RF interfaces used in embedded systems
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
➋ Describe the key roles of a medium access control (MAC) in RF communications
➍ Describe the physical and link layer of Bluetooth Low Energy and its design tradeoffs
➊ Describe the primary components of RF signal chains used in embedded systems
➎ Identify choices for short- and long-range communications in embedded systems
28
Typical RF Transceiver Signal Path
3
LNA .
PA
ADC
DAC
RF Switch
Transmit Path
Receive Path
Digital data
(from MAC software)
Digital data
(to MAC software)
Antenna
Analog/RF Digital
Often SPI or UART
28
Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols
4
The primary objective of MAC protocols is to prevent collisions
Where do collisions occur (conceptually): At sender, or at the receiver, or both?
▶ Reasons: ➊ Hidden terminal problem; ➋ single antenna with RF switch
Unlike wired interfaces (e.g., I2C), RF systems typically cannot detect if another device is transmitting
28
To Understand Collisions: RF Radiation Patterns
5
Source: Panasonic PAN1326 Bluetooth LE Radio Module Datasheet
Transmitter
Disk of
radius r
centered at
transmitter
Example radiation pattern
resulting from transceiver,
matching network, and
antenna properties
28
Hidden Terminal Problem
6
BA
?
Ideal depiction of
radio range locus
28
Collisions: Occur At the Receiver
7
BA
C
?
Ideal depiction of
radio range locus
28
Typical Transceiver Architecture Dictates Protocol Possibilities
8
LNA .
PA
ADC
DAC
RF Switch
Transmit Path
Receive Path
Digital data
(from MAC software)
Digital data
(to MAC software)
Antenna
Analog/RF Digital
Because of ➊ this and ➋ hidden terminal problem, cannot detect collision while transmitting
28
Families of Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols
9
Slotted Unslotted
Globally scheduled
(TDMA)
Unscheduled
(per-timeslot CSMA)
Contention-based
(unslotted/unsynchronized CSMA)
CSMA
(Carrier-Sense Multiple Access)
Long preambles/
preamble sampling
Low duty-cycle facilitation
Indirect communication
(Random Access)
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
CSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access
28
Common Architectures for RF Interfaces in Embedded Systems
10
Communication Stack /
Network Stack /
Protocol Stack
Terminology
UART
The software and state implementing a collection of communication
protocols at different layers of the OSI hierarchy, from physical layer (e.g.,
RF) to application (e.g., HTTP, SSH)
Radio Module
Typically a circuit board with a microcontroller (“μC”) implementing
the protocol stack, an RF transceiver, an antenna, and other components
Transceiver
Transmitter / receiver: takes digital data as input and modulates data
onto RF communication medium (physical layer)
Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter. A serial communication
interface comprising a transmit (TX) signal, a receive (RX) signal, and with a
pre-defined number of bits (e.g., 7 or 8) per transmitted value/“packet”.
There is no clock signal. Instead, the boundaries of packets are defined
by start/stop bits and an assumed bit rate. A parity bit enables error detection
28
Two Common Architectures for RF Interfaces in Embedded Systems
11
SPI
GPIO
Microcontroller
Application 1
Application 2
MAC
RF Transceiver
TX FIFOs
RX FIFOs
Alternative 1: Protocol stack in μC + simple transceiver
28
Two Common Architectures for RF Interfaces in Embedded Systems
12
RF Module or SoC
UART
TX FIFOs
RX FIFOs
MAC
Dedicated
Microcontroller Core
Microcontroller
Application 1
Application 2
Alternative 2: Protocol stack in RF module
SoC=“System-on-Chip”
9.5 mm
PAN1326 Module
28
RF Interfaces in the TI SensorTag
13
Source: SensorTag Design Guide (TIDU862)
Supports both Bluetooth Low Energy /
Bluetooth 4.2 (Frequency Hopping)
and IEEE 802.15.4 (CSMA/CA)
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
REGION 2
REGION 1
REGION 3
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
Source: Tektronix, Inc. “Worldwide Spectrum Allocations”
28
Sources of Interference Dictate RF Protocol Designs
15
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
Source: Tektronix, Inc. “Worldwide Spectrum Allocations”
Worldwide spectrum allocation, from 9 kHz to 30 GHz
9 kHz
30 GHz
28
Highlight From Spectrum Allocation Map
16
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
Source: Tektronix, Inc. “Worldwide Spectrum Allocations”
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
2107 kHz
3000 kHz
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
REGION 2
REGION 1
REGION 3
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
28
Source of Interference Dictate RF Protocol Designs
17
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
Source: Tektronix, Inc. “Worldwide Spectrum Allocations”
Worldwide spectrum allocation, from 9 kHz to 30 GHz
2–3 GHz
28
2.4 GHz ISM Band (Industrial, Science, Medicine)
18
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
Source: Tektronix, Inc. “Worldwide Spectrum Allocations”
Solving your RF challenges from
the bench to the field
Capture seamlessly into memoryTrigger on frequency changesDiscover much more Analyze multiple domains
TEK.COM/RTSA
TEKTRONIX REAL-TIME SPECTRUM ANALYZERS COMMON WORLDWIDE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
LTE-FDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
LSMH A/B/C/D/E, USMH C/D:
700 MHz
800 MHz (EUDD / SMR)
850 MHz (CLR/ECLR)
900 MHz (E-GSM)
1500 MHz (U/LPDC)
1600 MHz (L-Band)
1700 MHz (AWS)
1800 MHz (DCS)
1900 MHz (PCS / EPCS)
2000 MHz (S-Band)
2100 MHz (IMT)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
Regions 2 & 3
Worldwide
Regions 2 & 3
Regions 1 & 3
Japan
USA
Region 2 and Japan
Worldwide except N. Amer.
Region 2
USA
Regions 1 & 3
Worldwide
LTE-TDD 1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
700 MHz
1900 MHz (PCS)
1990 MHz
2100 MHz (IMT)
2300 MHz
2500 MHz (BRS/EBS)
2600 MHz (IMT-E)
3500 MHz
3700 MHz
Asia
Region 2
China
Europe / Asia / Oceania
Worldwide except N. Amer.
N. America / Asia
Worldwide except Oceania and N. America
Worldwide except Africa and Oceania
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Global System for Mobile Communications/General
Packet Radio Service/Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution
200 kHz
GSM 900: 890-915 MHz (UL); 935-960 MHz (DL)
DCS 1800: 1710-1785 MHz (UL); 1805-1880 MHz (DL)
GSM 850: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan and Korea
Regions 1 & 3 except Japan, Korea and China
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/High-
Speed Downlink Packet Access/High-Speed Uplink
Packet Access
5 MHz
Band I: 1920-1980 MHz (UL); 2110-2170 MHz (DL)
Band V: 824-849 MHz (UL); 869-894 MHz (DL)
Band II: 1850-1910 MHz (UL); 1930-1990 MHz (DL)
Regions 1 & 3
Region 2 – Americas
Region 2 – Americas
CDMAOne/CDMA2000
®
/1xEV-DO
CDMAOne System (IS-95A/B/C)/ CDMA2000
®
(1xRTT – Radio Transmission Technology)/1xEV-DO
(1x Evolution-Data Only High Rate Packet Data)
1.25 MHz
800/850 MHz band: 824-849 MHz (MS); 869-894 MHz (BS)
Japan Cellular band: 887-925 MHz (MS); 832-870 MHz (BS)
PCS 1900: 1850-1910 MHz (MS); 1930-1990 MHz (BS)
IMT 2000 band: 1920-1980 MHz (MS); 2110-2170 MHz (BS)
Region 2 & 3 – Primarily Americas, Korea, China
Region 3 – Japan
Region 2 – Americas
Region 3 – Japan and China
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.15.4a (Zigbee) 2 MHz
(915 MHz)
5 MHz (2.40 GHz)
500 MHz-1355 MHz
250-750 MHz
784, 868, 915 MHz
2.40 GHz (ISM band)
3.10-4.80 GHz;
6.00-10.60 GHZ
Worldwide
IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig) 2 GHz
60 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
ANT 1 MHz
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 1 MHz (hopping)
2.4 GHz (ISM band)
Worldwide
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
TECHNOLOGY CHANNEL SPACING COMMON FREQUENCIES REGIONS
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n
Wireless Local Area Network
a/b/g: 10 MHz
(overlapped)
20, 25 or 30 MHz
(non overlapped)
n: 20 or 40 MHz
p: 5, 10, or 20 MHz
ac: 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz
b/g: 2400-2483.50 MHz
a: 4900-5825 MHz (various)
n: 2400-2483.50 MHz; 5150-5825 MHz (various)
p: 5850-5925 MHz (various)
ac: 2400-2483.5 MHz (USA), 2400-2500 MHz
(Japan), 5150-5845 (various)
Worldwide
135.7
137.8
156.5625
156.4875
5.091
698.0
9 kHz
SELECTED POINTS OF INTEREST:
1 Underground Cable Locating Equipment
2 LORAN C Navigation
3 ADF Non-Directional Beacons (NDB)
4 AM Radio Broadcast
5 WWV Time Standard Signals
6 Major World Air Route Areas (MWARA)
7 International Shortwave Broadcasters
8 Citizen Band Radios (CB)
9 VHF Television (TV)
10 FM Radio Broadcast
11 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
12 Instrument Landing System (ILS – LOC)
13 Civil Aircraft Communications Radio
14 Emergency Locator Transponders (ELT)
15 International Maritime Channels
16 Garage Door Openers
17 Automobile Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)
18 Aircraft Landing Glide Slope (GS)
19 UHF Television (TV)
20 Cellular Phone Bands
21 Distance Measurement Equipment (DME)
22 Aircraft ATC Radar Transponders
23 Global Positioning System (GPS, L1)
24 Broadcast Satellite Radio Services
25 Wireless Local Area Networks 802.11b & g
26 Bluetooth Personal Area Networks (PAN)
27 Microwave Ovens
28 Satellite Television Broadcast
29 Aircraft Radar Altimeters
30 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) 802.11a
31 Weather Radar – Large Aircraft
32 Point-to-Point Telecom Infrastructure
33 Weather Radar – Small Aircraft
34 Maritime Radar
35 Police Radar Speed Measurement
36 Radar Motion Detectors (Doors & Alarms)
37 Direct Broadcast Satellite
38 Inter-Satellite Frequency & Time Standard Reference
39 Inter-Satellite Radiolocation
40 Fixed Satellite Service: Space-to-Earth All Regions
41 Fixed Satellite Service: Earth-to-Space All Regions
Source: US FCC Online Table
of Frequency Allocations,
Code of Federal Regulations –
Title 47, Section 2.106
Revised on May 12, 2008
‘Selected Points of Interest’ are based on popular allocation applications, and
may not be exhaustive or applicable for all nations.
This chart represents a single point in time of the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) worldwide spectral allocations summarized in the US FCC Code of
Federal Regulations. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects such
as footnotes and recent changes. Users should always consult their national
regulatory body for current allocations.
This chart does not differentiate between Co-PRIMARY and Secondary alloca-
tions. Allocations are listed from top to bottom in the order they appear in table
2.106. Horizontal logarithmic scale has been exaggerated on some very narrow
bands for readability.
Aeronautical Mobile
Broadcasting
Inter-Satellite
Maritime Radionavigation
Radio Astronomy
Radionavigation Satellite
Aeronautical Mobile Satellite
Broadcasting Satellite
Land Mobile
Meteorological Aids
Radiodetermination Satellite
Space Operation
Aeronautical Radionavigation
Earth Exploration Satellite
Land Mobile Satellite
Meteorological Satellite
Radiolocation
Space Research
Amateur
Fixed
Maritime Mobile
Mobile
Radiolocation Satellite
Standard Frequency & Time Signal
Amateur Satellite
Fixed Satellite
Maritime Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
Radionavigation
Standard Frequency & Time Signal Satellite
PRIMARY
Co-PRIMARY
or Secondary
30 GHz
Worldwide Spectrum Allocations Courtesy of Tektronix
28
Bluetooth Low Energy (“Bluetooth LE” / “BLE”)
19
Bluetooth LE is a low data rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN)
Designed to enable low-cost implementations
▶ By restricting packet size, ensures radio doesn’t heat up:
— Removes need for circuits to recalibrate transceiver during transmission
Designed for low data rate applications
▶ Maximum possible throughput at the physical layer is 1 Mb/s
▶ Not designed for streaming data: typically 8 bytes to 27 bytes packets, < 100 kb/s data rate
Designed to be low-power
▶ Typical power dissipation less than 10 μW with target lifetime on CR2032 coin cell of ~2 years
▶ Energy efficiency is ~500 kB/J (compared to, e.g., 200 kB/J for IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee) [Siekkinen’12]
[Siekkinen’12] Siekkinen et al., “How Low Energy is Bluetooth Low Energy? Comparative Measurements with ZigBee/802.15.4”, IEEE WCNC, 2012.
▶ Omnibus quiz, q. 11 (Photovoltaic energy scavenging): ~0.5mW per cm
2
in low light, ~6mW per cm
2
in daylight)
▶ Omnibus quiz, q. 12 (MEMS energy scavenger): ~1uW
28
Bluetooth Low Energy Physical Layer
20
Transmitter Measurements
Basic Data Rate Low Energy Data RateEnhanced Data Rate
Spectrum Mask and
Power Spectrum
Channel Allocation
Packet
Information
Enhanced Data Rate
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
EDR Relative Transmit Power
TP/TRM/CA-10-C (P
GFSK
- 4dB) < P
DPSK
< (P
GFSK
+ 1dB); P
DPSK
and P
GPSK
are average power over 80% of the
DPSK and GFSK portion of the packet
EDR Carrier Frequency
Stability and Modulation
Accuracy
TP/TRM/CA-11-C
Carrier Frequency -75 kHz i + 75 kHz, for all packets, i is the initial packet frequency error
-75 kHz (i + 0) + 75 kHz, for all blocks, 0 block frequency error
-10 kHz 0 + 10 kHz, for all blocks
RMS DEVM RMS DEVM 0.20, for all /4-DQPSK blocks
RMS DEVM 0.13, for all 8DPSK blocks
Peak DEVM DEVM 0.35 for all /4-DQPSK symbols
DEVM 0.25, for all 8DPSK symbols
99% DEVM DEVM 0.30 for 99% /4-DQPSK symbols
DEVM 0.20, for 99% 8DPSK symbols
EDR Differential
Phase Encoding
TP/TRM/CA-12-C Zero errors detected by the tester in 99% of the packets.
EDR In-band Spurious
Emissions
TP/TRM/CA-13-C PTX-26dB (f) PTXref -26dB for |M-N| = 1
PTX (f) -20dBm for |M-N| = 2
PTX (f) -40dBm for |M-N| 3
Exception: Ptx(f) -20 dBm in up to three bands are allowed wherer |M-N| 3.
EDR Power Control
TP/TRM/CA-14-C 2dB step size 8dB.
The power differences between GFSK headers of the supported modulations 10dB.
For Power Class 1: P
AV
4dBm
The Maximum power level for each of the supported modulations measured at the
start of the test is within ± 3dB of the power measured at the end of the test sequence.
Basic Data Rate
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
Output Power
TP/TRM/CA-01-C P
AV
< 100 mW (20 dBm)
P
PK
< 200 mW (23 dBm)
Power Class 1: P
AV
> 1 mW (0 dBm)
Power Class 2: 0.25 mW (-6 dBm) < P
AV
< 2.5 mW (4 dBm)
Power Class 3: P
AV
< 1 mW (0 dBm)
Power Density
TP/TRM/CA-02-C Power Density < 100 mW (20 dBm) per 100 kHz EIRP
Power Control
TP/TRM/CA-03-C Step size of the power control: 2dB step size 8dB
P
AV
< 4dBm (for Power CLass 1 device)
TX Output Spectrum:
Frequency Range
TP/TRM/CA-04-C fL, fH: lowest and highest frequency below (or above) operating frequency at which power
density drops -80dBm/Hz) are within the allowed frequency band: 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz
TX Output Spectrum:
-20 dB Bandwidth
TP/TRM/CA-05-C fL, fH: lowest and highest frequency below (or above) operating frequency at which Tx power
drops 20dB below emission peak
- If the emission peak is 0 dBm: f = |fH - fL| 1.0 MHz
- If the emission peak is < 0 dBm: f = |fH - fL| 1.5 MHz
TX Output Spectrum
Adjacent Channel Power
TP/TRM/CA-06-C The EUT is transmitting on channel M and the adjacent channel power is measured on
channel number N.
- P
TX
(f) -20 dBm for |M-N| = 2
- P
TX
(f) -40 dBm for |M-N| 3
Exception: P
TX
(f) -20 dBm in up to three bands are allowed where |M-N| 3.
Modulation
Characteristics
TP/TRM/CA-07-C For DM or DH packets with ‘00001111’ 8 bit sequence, the average of all frequency devia-
tions is: 140 kHz f1
AVG
175 kHz.
For ‘01010101’ 8 bit sequence, f2
MAX
115 kHz for at least 99.9% of all f2
MAX
.
The ratio of all frequency deviations f2
AVG
and f1
AVG
is: ((f2
AVG
) / (f1
AVG
)) 0.8
Initial Carrier Frequency
Tolerance
TP/TRM/CA-08-C f
0
= EUT’s carrier frequency. f
TX
= ETU’s chosen nominal carrier frequency
f
TX
- 75 kHz f
0
f
TX
+ 75 kHz
Carrier Frequency Drift
TP/TRM/CA-09-C One Slot Packet:
±25KHz
Three Slot Packet:
± 40kHz
Five Slot Packet:
± 40kHz
Low Energy (TRM-LE)
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
Output Power at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-01-C -20dBm P
AVG
+10dBm EIRP
P
PK
(P
AVG
+ 3dBm)
Output Power at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-02-C -20dBm P
AVG
+10dBm EIRP
P
PK
(P
AVG
+ 3dBm)
In-band Emissions at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-03-C P
TX
-20 dBm for (f
TX
± [3 + n] MHz]); where n=0, 1, 2... To 9
For each operating frequency, up to three bands of 1 MHz width.
Exceptions must comply with an absolute value of P
TX
-20 dBm.
In-band Emissions at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-04-C P
TX
-20 dBm for (f
TX
± [3 = n] MHz]); where n=0, 1, 2... To 9
For each operating frequency, up to three bands of 1 MHz width.
Exceptions must comply with an absolute value of P
TX
-20 dBm.
Modulation Characteristics
TRM-LE/CA-05-C 225 kHz f1
AVG
275 kHz
At least 99.9% of all f2
MAX
frequency values recorded over 10 test packets must be
greater than 185 kHz.
((f2
AVG)
)/( f1
AVG
) 0.8
Carrier Frequency Offset
and Drift at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-06-C f
TX
- 150 kHz f
n
f
TX
+ 150 kHz where f
TX
is the nominal transmit frequency and n=0,
1, 2, 3....k
[f
0
- f
n
] 50 kHz where n = 2, 3, 4...k
|f
0
- f
n
| 20 kHz and |f
n
- f
n-5
| 20 kHz, where n = 6, 7, 8...k
f
k
is the last frequency measurement before the CRC field.
Carrier Frequency Offset
and Drift at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-07-C f
TX
- 150 kHz f
n
f
TX
+ 150 kHz where f
TX
is the nominal transmit frequency and n=0,
1, 2, 3....k
[f
0
- f
n
] 50 kHz where n = 2, 3, 4...k
|f
0
- f
n
| 20 kHz and |f
n
- f
n-5
| 20 kHz, where n = 6, 7, 8...k
f
k
is the last frequency measurement before the CRC field.
Modulation Data Rate
/4-DQPSK 2 Mb/s
8DPSK 3 Mb/s
Modulation Data Rate
GFSK 1 Mb/s
Modulation Data Rate
GFSK 1 Mb/s
Basic Rate
In-Band
Emission
and Adjacent
Channel Power
Data Packets
Every data packet consists of
an access code, a header, and
its payload. An EDR packet also
contains a guard time, and a
sync word between the header
and the payload.
• Guard Time: ranges between
4.75 µs - 5.25 µs
• Sync Word: 11 symbols
Low Energy
In-Band
Emission
and Adjacent
Channel Power
EDR Transmitter
Spectrum Mask
Coexistence with WLAN Channels Bluetooth Low Energy
Channels
Advertising Channels
802.11 Fixed Channels
2.402 GHz 2.426 GHz 2.480 GHz
Frequency
Channel 6Channel 1 Channel 11
Basic Rate Packet Low Energy Test Packet
Low Energy Link Packet
Enhanced Data Rate Packet
At ± 500 kHz, - 20dBc
At ± 2 MHz, - 20dBm
AM_ADDR: 3 bits: address of slave in piconet
TYPE: One of 16 possible packet types
FLOW: Used to stop flow on ACL link
ARQN: Positive or negative acknowledgement
SEQN: Inverted for each new transmitted packet
HEC: Header-error check
Frequency
CH
2402 MHz 37
2404 MHz 0
2406 MHz 1
2408 MHz 2
2410 MHz 3
2412 MHz 4
2414 MHz 5
2416 MHz 6
2418 MHz 7
2420 MHz 8
2422 MHz 9
2424 MHz 10
2426 MHz 38
2428 MHz 11
Frequency
CH
2430 MHz 12
2432 MHz 13
2434 MHz 14
2436 MHz 15
2438 MHz 16
2440 MHz 17
2442 MHz 18
2444 MHz 19
2446 MHz 20
2448 MHz 21
2450 MHz 22
2452 MHz 23
2454 MHz 24
2456 MHz 25
Frequency
CH
2458 MHz 26
2460 MHz 27
2462 MHz 28
2464 MHz 29
2466 MHz 30
2468 MHz 31
2470 MHz 32
2472 MHz 33
2474 MHz 34
2476 MHz 35
2478 MHz 36
2480 MHz 39
Frequency
CH
2.402 GHz 0
2.403 GHz 1
2.404 GHz 2
2.405 GHz 3
2.406 GHz 4
2.407 GHz 5
2.408 GHz 6
2.409 GHz 7
2.410 GHz 8
2.411 GHz 9
2.412 GHz 10
2.413 GHz 11
2.414 GHz 12
2.415 GHz 13
2.416 GHz 14
2.417 GHz 15
2.418 GHz 16
Frequency
CH
2.419 GHz 17
2.420 GHz 18
2.421 GHz 19
2.422 GHz 20
2.423 GHz 21
2.424 GHz 22
2.425 GHz 23
2.426 GHz 24
2.427 GHz 25
2.428 GHz 26
2.429 GHz 27
2.430 GHz 28
2.431 GHz 29
2.432 GHz 30
2.433 GHz 31
2.434 GHz 32
2.435 GHz 33
Frequency
CH
2.436 GHz 34
2.437 GHz 35
2.438 GHz 36
2.439 GHz 37
2.440 GHz 38
2.441 GHz 39
2.442 GHz 40
2.443 GHz 41
2.444 GHz 42
2.445 GHz 43
2.446 GHz 44
2.447 GHz 45
2.448 GHz 46
2.449 GHz 47
2.450 GHz 48
2.451 GHz 49
2.452 GHz 50
Frequency
CH
2.453 GHz 51
2.454 GHz 52
2.455 GHz 53
2.456 GHz 54
2.457 GHz 55
2.458 GHz 56
2.459 GHz 57
2.460 GHz 58
2.461 GHz 59
2.462 GHz 60
2.463 GHz 61
2.464 GHz 62
2.465 GHz 63
2.466 GHz 64
2.467 GHz 65
2.468 GHz 66
2.469 GHz 67
Frequency
CH
2.470 GHz 68
2.471 GHz 69
2.472 GHz 70
2.473 GHz 71
2.474 GHz 72
2.475 GHz 73
2.476 GHz 74
2.477 GHz 75
2.478 GHz 76
2.479 GHz 77
2.480 GHz 78
Key
Inquiry Channel
Not used as
an Inquiry Channel
Frequency (MHz)
802.11 Channel 1
2412 MHz
802.11 Channel 6
2437 MHz
802.11 Channel 11
2462 MHz
GFSKGFSK
Header Format for Basic Rate and Enhanced Data Rate
The Bluetooth
®
word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of
such marks by Tektronix is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respected owners.
Header Format for Low Energy Test
Sync Word PDU Header PDU Length
Bluetooth
®
Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements
tek.com/bluetooth
Access Code
Preamble
Preamble
CRC
CRC
Access CodeHeader
Header
Access Address
Header Guard Time SyncPayload
Payload
PDU
Payload
2380
22 MHz
Bluetooth: 79
1 MHz Channels
24202400 2440 2460 2480
LSB MSB
2500
Source: Tektronix, Inc. “Bluetooth Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements”
Located so there’s no interference
with WiFi CH1/CH6/CH11
40 Frequency Bands
(each band is 2 MHz wide)
28
Bluetooth LE Physical Layer: Channels and GFSK
21
Transmitter Measurements
Basic Data Rate Low Energy Data RateEnhanced Data Rate
Spectrum Mask and
Power Spectrum
Channel Allocation
Packet
Information
Enhanced Data Rate
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
EDR Relative Transmit Power
TP/TRM/CA-10-C (P
GFSK
- 4dB) < P
DPSK
< (P
GFSK
+ 1dB); P
DPSK
and P
GPSK
are average power over 80% of the
DPSK and GFSK portion of the packet
EDR Carrier Frequency
Stability and Modulation
Accuracy
TP/TRM/CA-11-C
Carrier Frequency -75 kHz i + 75 kHz, for all packets, i is the initial packet frequency error
-75 kHz (i + 0) + 75 kHz, for all blocks, 0 block frequency error
-10 kHz 0 + 10 kHz, for all blocks
RMS DEVM RMS DEVM 0.20, for all /4-DQPSK blocks
RMS DEVM 0.13, for all 8DPSK blocks
Peak DEVM DEVM 0.35 for all /4-DQPSK symbols
DEVM 0.25, for all 8DPSK symbols
99% DEVM DEVM 0.30 for 99% /4-DQPSK symbols
DEVM 0.20, for 99% 8DPSK symbols
EDR Differential
Phase Encoding
TP/TRM/CA-12-C Zero errors detected by the tester in 99% of the packets.
EDR In-band Spurious
Emissions
TP/TRM/CA-13-C PTX-26dB (f) PTXref -26dB for |M-N| = 1
PTX (f) -20dBm for |M-N| = 2
PTX (f) -40dBm for |M-N| 3
Exception: Ptx(f) -20 dBm in up to three bands are allowed wherer |M-N| 3.
EDR Power Control
TP/TRM/CA-14-C 2dB step size 8dB.
The power differences between GFSK headers of the supported modulations 10dB.
For Power Class 1: P
AV
4dBm
The Maximum power level for each of the supported modulations measured at the
start of the test is within ± 3dB of the power measured at the end of the test sequence.
Basic Data Rate
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
Output Power
TP/TRM/CA-01-C P
AV
< 100 mW (20 dBm)
P
PK
< 200 mW (23 dBm)
Power Class 1: P
AV
> 1 mW (0 dBm)
Power Class 2: 0.25 mW (-6 dBm) < P
AV
< 2.5 mW (4 dBm)
Power Class 3: P
AV
< 1 mW (0 dBm)
Power Density
TP/TRM/CA-02-C Power Density < 100 mW (20 dBm) per 100 kHz EIRP
Power Control
TP/TRM/CA-03-C Step size of the power control: 2dB step size 8dB
P
AV
< 4dBm (for Power CLass 1 device)
TX Output Spectrum:
Frequency Range
TP/TRM/CA-04-C fL, fH: lowest and highest frequency below (or above) operating frequency at which power
density drops -80dBm/Hz) are within the allowed frequency band: 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz
TX Output Spectrum:
-20 dB Bandwidth
TP/TRM/CA-05-C fL, fH: lowest and highest frequency below (or above) operating frequency at which Tx power
drops 20dB below emission peak
- If the emission peak is 0 dBm: f = |fH - fL| 1.0 MHz
- If the emission peak is < 0 dBm: f = |fH - fL| 1.5 MHz
TX Output Spectrum
Adjacent Channel Power
TP/TRM/CA-06-C The EUT is transmitting on channel M and the adjacent channel power is measured on
channel number N.
- P
TX
(f) -20 dBm for |M-N| = 2
- P
TX
(f) -40 dBm for |M-N| 3
Exception: P
TX
(f) -20 dBm in up to three bands are allowed where |M-N| 3.
Modulation
Characteristics
TP/TRM/CA-07-C For DM or DH packets with ‘00001111’ 8 bit sequence, the average of all frequency devia-
tions is: 140 kHz f1
AVG
175 kHz.
For ‘01010101’ 8 bit sequence, f2
MAX
115 kHz for at least 99.9% of all f2
MAX
.
The ratio of all frequency deviations f2
AVG
and f1
AVG
is: ((f2
AVG
) / (f1
AVG
)) 0.8
Initial Carrier Frequency
Tolerance
TP/TRM/CA-08-C f
0
= EUT’s carrier frequency. f
TX
= ETU’s chosen nominal carrier frequency
f
TX
- 75 kHz f
0
f
TX
+ 75 kHz
Carrier Frequency Drift
TP/TRM/CA-09-C One Slot Packet:
±25KHz
Three Slot Packet:
± 40kHz
Five Slot Packet:
± 40kHz
Low Energy (TRM-LE)
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
Output Power at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-01-C -20dBm P
AVG
+10dBm EIRP
P
PK
(P
AVG
+ 3dBm)
Output Power at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-02-C -20dBm P
AVG
+10dBm EIRP
P
PK
(P
AVG
+ 3dBm)
In-band Emissions at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-03-C P
TX
-20 dBm for (f
TX
± [3 + n] MHz]); where n=0, 1, 2... To 9
For each operating frequency, up to three bands of 1 MHz width.
Exceptions must comply with an absolute value of P
TX
-20 dBm.
In-band Emissions at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-04-C P
TX
-20 dBm for (f
TX
± [3 = n] MHz]); where n=0, 1, 2... To 9
For each operating frequency, up to three bands of 1 MHz width.
Exceptions must comply with an absolute value of P
TX
-20 dBm.
Modulation Characteristics
TRM-LE/CA-05-C 225 kHz f1
AVG
275 kHz
At least 99.9% of all f2
MAX
frequency values recorded over 10 test packets must be
greater than 185 kHz.
((f2
AVG)
)/( f1
AVG
) 0.8
Carrier Frequency Offset
and Drift at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-06-C f
TX
- 150 kHz f
n
f
TX
+ 150 kHz where f
TX
is the nominal transmit frequency and n=0,
1, 2, 3....k
[f
0
- f
n
] 50 kHz where n = 2, 3, 4...k
|f
0
- f
n
| 20 kHz and |f
n
- f
n-5
| 20 kHz, where n = 6, 7, 8...k
f
k
is the last frequency measurement before the CRC field.
Carrier Frequency Offset
and Drift at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-07-C f
TX
- 150 kHz f
n
f
TX
+ 150 kHz where f
TX
is the nominal transmit frequency and n=0,
1, 2, 3....k
[f
0
- f
n
] 50 kHz where n = 2, 3, 4...k
|f
0
- f
n
| 20 kHz and |f
n
- f
n-5
| 20 kHz, where n = 6, 7, 8...k
f
k
is the last frequency measurement before the CRC field.
Modulation Data Rate
/4-DQPSK 2 Mb/s
8DPSK 3 Mb/s
Modulation Data Rate
GFSK 1 Mb/s
Modulation Data Rate
GFSK 1 Mb/s
Basic Rate
In-Band
Emission
and Adjacent
Channel Power
Data Packets
Every data packet consists of
an access code, a header, and
its payload. An EDR packet also
contains a guard time, and a
sync word between the header
and the payload.
• Guard Time: ranges between
4.75 µs - 5.25 µs
• Sync Word: 11 symbols
Low Energy
In-Band
Emission
and Adjacent
Channel Power
EDR Transmitter
Spectrum Mask
Coexistence with WLAN Channels Bluetooth Low Energy
Channels
Advertising Channels
802.11 Fixed Channels
2.402 GHz 2.426 GHz 2.480 GHz
Frequency
Channel 6Channel 1 Channel 11
Basic Rate Packet Low Energy Test Packet
Low Energy Link Packet
Enhanced Data Rate Packet
At ± 500 kHz, - 20dBc
At ± 2 MHz, - 20dBm
AM_ADDR: 3 bits: address of slave in piconet
TYPE: One of 16 possible packet types
FLOW: Used to stop flow on ACL link
ARQN: Positive or negative acknowledgement
SEQN: Inverted for each new transmitted packet
HEC: Header-error check
Frequency
CH
2402 MHz 37
2404 MHz 0
2406 MHz 1
2408 MHz 2
2410 MHz 3
2412 MHz 4
2414 MHz 5
2416 MHz 6
2418 MHz 7
2420 MHz 8
2422 MHz 9
2424 MHz 10
2426 MHz 38
2428 MHz 11
Frequency
CH
2430 MHz 12
2432 MHz 13
2434 MHz 14
2436 MHz 15
2438 MHz 16
2440 MHz 17
2442 MHz 18
2444 MHz 19
2446 MHz 20
2448 MHz 21
2450 MHz 22
2452 MHz 23
2454 MHz 24
2456 MHz 25
Frequency
CH
2458 MHz 26
2460 MHz 27
2462 MHz 28
2464 MHz 29
2466 MHz 30
2468 MHz 31
2470 MHz 32
2472 MHz 33
2474 MHz 34
2476 MHz 35
2478 MHz 36
2480 MHz 39
Frequency
CH
2.402 GHz 0
2.403 GHz 1
2.404 GHz 2
2.405 GHz 3
2.406 GHz 4
2.407 GHz 5
2.408 GHz 6
2.409 GHz 7
2.410 GHz 8
2.411 GHz 9
2.412 GHz 10
2.413 GHz 11
2.414 GHz 12
2.415 GHz 13
2.416 GHz 14
2.417 GHz 15
2.418 GHz 16
Frequency
CH
2.419 GHz 17
2.420 GHz 18
2.421 GHz 19
2.422 GHz 20
2.423 GHz 21
2.424 GHz 22
2.425 GHz 23
2.426 GHz 24
2.427 GHz 25
2.428 GHz 26
2.429 GHz 27
2.430 GHz 28
2.431 GHz 29
2.432 GHz 30
2.433 GHz 31
2.434 GHz 32
2.435 GHz 33
Frequency
CH
2.436 GHz 34
2.437 GHz 35
2.438 GHz 36
2.439 GHz 37
2.440 GHz 38
2.441 GHz 39
2.442 GHz 40
2.443 GHz 41
2.444 GHz 42
2.445 GHz 43
2.446 GHz 44
2.447 GHz 45
2.448 GHz 46
2.449 GHz 47
2.450 GHz 48
2.451 GHz 49
2.452 GHz 50
Frequency
CH
2.453 GHz 51
2.454 GHz 52
2.455 GHz 53
2.456 GHz 54
2.457 GHz 55
2.458 GHz 56
2.459 GHz 57
2.460 GHz 58
2.461 GHz 59
2.462 GHz 60
2.463 GHz 61
2.464 GHz 62
2.465 GHz 63
2.466 GHz 64
2.467 GHz 65
2.468 GHz 66
2.469 GHz 67
Frequency
CH
2.470 GHz 68
2.471 GHz 69
2.472 GHz 70
2.473 GHz 71
2.474 GHz 72
2.475 GHz 73
2.476 GHz 74
2.477 GHz 75
2.478 GHz 76
2.479 GHz 77
2.480 GHz 78
Key
Inquiry Channel
Not used as
an Inquiry Channel
Frequency (MHz)
802.11 Channel 1
2412 MHz
802.11 Channel 6
2437 MHz
802.11 Channel 11
2462 MHz
GFSKGFSK
Header Format for Basic Rate and Enhanced Data Rate
The Bluetooth
®
word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of
such marks by Tektronix is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respected owners.
Header Format for Low Energy Test
Sync Word PDU Header PDU Length
Bluetooth
®
Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements
tek.com/bluetooth
Access Code
Preamble
Preamble
CRC
CRC
Access CodeHeader
Header
Access Address
Header Guard Time SyncPayload
Payload
PDU
Payload
2380
22 MHz
Bluetooth: 79
1 MHz Channels
24202400 2440 2460 2480
LSB MSB
2500
2.431815 GHz 2.43218 GHz
0 1
2.432 GHz (CH 13)
Transmitter Measurements
Basic Data Rate Low Energy Data RateEnhanced Data Rate
Spectrum Mask and
Power Spectrum
Channel Allocation
Packet
Information
Enhanced Data Rate
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
EDR Relative Transmit Power
TP/TRM/CA-10-C (P
GFSK
- 4dB) < P
DPSK
< (P
GFSK
+ 1dB); P
DPSK
and P
GPSK
are average power over 80% of the
DPSK and GFSK portion of the packet
EDR Carrier Frequency
Stability and Modulation
Accuracy
TP/TRM/CA-11-C
Carrier Frequency -75 kHz i + 75 kHz, for all packets, i is the initial packet frequency error
-75 kHz (i + 0) + 75 kHz, for all blocks, 0 block frequency error
-10 kHz 0 + 10 kHz, for all blocks
RMS DEVM RMS DEVM 0.20, for all /4-DQPSK blocks
RMS DEVM 0.13, for all 8DPSK blocks
Peak DEVM DEVM 0.35 for all /4-DQPSK symbols
DEVM 0.25, for all 8DPSK symbols
99% DEVM DEVM 0.30 for 99% /4-DQPSK symbols
DEVM 0.20, for 99% 8DPSK symbols
EDR Differential
Phase Encoding
TP/TRM/CA-12-C Zero errors detected by the tester in 99% of the packets.
EDR In-band Spurious
Emissions
TP/TRM/CA-13-C PTX-26dB (f) PTXref -26dB for |M-N| = 1
PTX (f) -20dBm for |M-N| = 2
PTX (f) -40dBm for |M-N| 3
Exception: Ptx(f) -20 dBm in up to three bands are allowed wherer |M-N| 3.
EDR Power Control
TP/TRM/CA-14-C 2dB step size 8dB.
The power differences between GFSK headers of the supported modulations 10dB.
For Power Class 1: P
AV
4dBm
The Maximum power level for each of the supported modulations measured at the
start of the test is within ± 3dB of the power measured at the end of the test sequence.
Basic Data Rate
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
Output Power
TP/TRM/CA-01-C P
AV
< 100 mW (20 dBm)
P
PK
< 200 mW (23 dBm)
Power Class 1: P
AV
> 1 mW (0 dBm)
Power Class 2: 0.25 mW (-6 dBm) < P
AV
< 2.5 mW (4 dBm)
Power Class 3: P
AV
< 1 mW (0 dBm)
Power Density
TP/TRM/CA-02-C Power Density < 100 mW (20 dBm) per 100 kHz EIRP
Power Control
TP/TRM/CA-03-C Step size of the power control: 2dB step size 8dB
P
AV
< 4dBm (for Power CLass 1 device)
TX Output Spectrum:
Frequency Range
TP/TRM/CA-04-C fL, fH: lowest and highest frequency below (or above) operating frequency at which power
density drops -80dBm/Hz) are within the allowed frequency band: 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz
TX Output Spectrum:
-20 dB Bandwidth
TP/TRM/CA-05-C fL, fH: lowest and highest frequency below (or above) operating frequency at which Tx power
drops 20dB below emission peak
- If the emission peak is 0 dBm: f = |fH - fL| 1.0 MHz
- If the emission peak is < 0 dBm: f = |fH - fL| 1.5 MHz
TX Output Spectrum
Adjacent Channel Power
TP/TRM/CA-06-C The EUT is transmitting on channel M and the adjacent channel power is measured on
channel number N.
- P
TX
(f) -20 dBm for |M-N| = 2
- P
TX
(f) -40 dBm for |M-N| 3
Exception: P
TX
(f) -20 dBm in up to three bands are allowed where |M-N| 3.
Modulation
Characteristics
TP/TRM/CA-07-C For DM or DH packets with ‘00001111’ 8 bit sequence, the average of all frequency devia-
tions is: 140 kHz f1
AVG
175 kHz.
For ‘01010101’ 8 bit sequence, f2
MAX
115 kHz for at least 99.9% of all f2
MAX
.
The ratio of all frequency deviations f2
AVG
and f1
AVG
is: ((f2
AVG
) / (f1
AVG
)) 0.8
Initial Carrier Frequency
Tolerance
TP/TRM/CA-08-C f
0
= EUT’s carrier frequency. f
TX
= ETU’s chosen nominal carrier frequency
f
TX
- 75 kHz f
0
f
TX
+ 75 kHz
Carrier Frequency Drift
TP/TRM/CA-09-C One Slot Packet:
±25KHz
Three Slot Packet:
± 40kHz
Five Slot Packet:
± 40kHz
Low Energy (TRM-LE)
Bluetooth Transmitter Test Identifier Bluetooth SIG Radio Frequency Test Specification Version 4.2.0
Output Power at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-01-C -20dBm P
AVG
+10dBm EIRP
P
PK
(P
AVG
+ 3dBm)
Output Power at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-02-C -20dBm P
AVG
+10dBm EIRP
P
PK
(P
AVG
+ 3dBm)
In-band Emissions at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-03-C P
TX
-20 dBm for (f
TX
± [3 + n] MHz]); where n=0, 1, 2... To 9
For each operating frequency, up to three bands of 1 MHz width.
Exceptions must comply with an absolute value of P
TX
-20 dBm.
In-band Emissions at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-04-C P
TX
-20 dBm for (f
TX
± [3 = n] MHz]); where n=0, 1, 2... To 9
For each operating frequency, up to three bands of 1 MHz width.
Exceptions must comply with an absolute value of P
TX
-20 dBm.
Modulation Characteristics
TRM-LE/CA-05-C 225 kHz f1
AVG
275 kHz
At least 99.9% of all f2
MAX
frequency values recorded over 10 test packets must be
greater than 185 kHz.
((f2
AVG)
)/( f1
AVG
) 0.8
Carrier Frequency Offset
and Drift at NOC
TRM-LE/CA-06-C f
TX
- 150 kHz f
n
f
TX
+ 150 kHz where f
TX
is the nominal transmit frequency and n=0,
1, 2, 3....k
[f
0
- f
n
] 50 kHz where n = 2, 3, 4...k
|f
0
- f
n
| 20 kHz and |f
n
- f
n-5
| 20 kHz, where n = 6, 7, 8...k
f
k
is the last frequency measurement before the CRC field.
Carrier Frequency Offset
and Drift at EOC
TRM-LE/CA-07-C f
TX
- 150 kHz f
n
f
TX
+ 150 kHz where f
TX
is the nominal transmit frequency and n=0,
1, 2, 3....k
[f
0
- f
n
] 50 kHz where n = 2, 3, 4...k
|f
0
- f
n
| 20 kHz and |f
n
- f
n-5
| 20 kHz, where n = 6, 7, 8...k
f
k
is the last frequency measurement before the CRC field.
Modulation Data Rate
/4-DQPSK 2 Mb/s
8DPSK 3 Mb/s
Modulation Data Rate
GFSK 1 Mb/s
Modulation Data Rate
GFSK 1 Mb/s
Basic Rate
In-Band
Emission
and Adjacent
Channel Power
Data Packets
Every data packet consists of
an access code, a header, and
its payload. An EDR packet also
contains a guard time, and a
sync word between the header
and the payload.
• Guard Time: ranges between
4.75 µs - 5.25 µs
• Sync Word: 11 symbols
Low Energy
In-Band
Emission
and Adjacent
Channel Power
EDR Transmitter
Spectrum Mask
Coexistence with WLAN Channels Bluetooth Low Energy
Channels
Advertising Channels
802.11 Fixed Channels
2.402 GHz 2.426 GHz 2.480 GHz
Frequency
Channel 6Channel 1 Channel 11
Basic Rate Packet Low Energy Test Packet
Low Energy Link Packet
Enhanced Data Rate Packet
At ± 500 kHz, - 20dBc
At ± 2 MHz, - 20dBm
AM_ADDR: 3 bits: address of slave in piconet
TYPE: One of 16 possible packet types
FLOW: Used to stop flow on ACL link
ARQN: Positive or negative acknowledgement
SEQN: Inverted for each new transmitted packet
HEC: Header-error check
Frequency
CH
2402 MHz 37
2404 MHz 0
2406 MHz 1
2408 MHz 2
2410 MHz 3
2412 MHz 4
2414 MHz 5
2416 MHz 6
2418 MHz 7
2420 MHz 8
2422 MHz 9
2424 MHz 10
2426 MHz 38
2428 MHz 11
Frequency
CH
2430 MHz 12
2432 MHz 13
2434 MHz 14
2436 MHz 15
2438 MHz 16
2440 MHz 17
2442 MHz 18
2444 MHz 19
2446 MHz 20
2448 MHz 21
2450 MHz 22
2452 MHz 23
2454 MHz 24
2456 MHz 25
Frequency
CH
2458 MHz 26
2460 MHz 27
2462 MHz 28
2464 MHz 29
2466 MHz 30
2468 MHz 31
2470 MHz 32
2472 MHz 33
2474 MHz 34
2476 MHz 35
2478 MHz 36
2480 MHz 39
Frequency
CH
2.402 GHz 0
2.403 GHz 1
2.404 GHz 2
2.405 GHz 3
2.406 GHz 4
2.407 GHz 5
2.408 GHz 6
2.409 GHz 7
2.410 GHz 8
2.411 GHz 9
2.412 GHz 10
2.413 GHz 11
2.414 GHz 12
2.415 GHz 13
2.416 GHz 14
2.417 GHz 15
2.418 GHz 16
Frequency
CH
2.419 GHz 17
2.420 GHz 18
2.421 GHz 19
2.422 GHz 20
2.423 GHz 21
2.424 GHz 22
2.425 GHz 23
2.426 GHz 24
2.427 GHz 25
2.428 GHz 26
2.429 GHz 27
2.430 GHz 28
2.431 GHz 29
2.432 GHz 30
2.433 GHz 31
2.434 GHz 32
2.435 GHz 33
Frequency
CH
2.436 GHz 34
2.437 GHz 35
2.438 GHz 36
2.439 GHz 37
2.440 GHz 38
2.441 GHz 39
2.442 GHz 40
2.443 GHz 41
2.444 GHz 42
2.445 GHz 43
2.446 GHz 44
2.447 GHz 45
2.448 GHz 46
2.449 GHz 47
2.450 GHz 48
2.451 GHz 49
2.452 GHz 50
Frequency
CH
2.453 GHz 51
2.454 GHz 52
2.455 GHz 53
2.456 GHz 54
2.457 GHz 55
2.458 GHz 56
2.459 GHz 57
2.460 GHz 58
2.461 GHz 59
2.462 GHz 60
2.463 GHz 61
2.464 GHz 62
2.465 GHz 63
2.466 GHz 64
2.467 GHz 65
2.468 GHz 66
2.469 GHz 67
Frequency
CH
2.470 GHz 68
2.471 GHz 69
2.472 GHz 70
2.473 GHz 71
2.474 GHz 72
2.475 GHz 73
2.476 GHz 74
2.477 GHz 75
2.478 GHz 76
2.479 GHz 77
2.480 GHz 78
Key
Inquiry Channel
Not used as
an Inquiry Channel
Frequency (MHz)
802.11 Channel 1
2412 MHz
802.11 Channel 6
2437 MHz
802.11 Channel 11
2462 MHz
GFSKGFSK
Header Format for Basic Rate and Enhanced Data Rate
The Bluetooth
®
word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of
such marks by Tektronix is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respected owners.
Header Format for Low Energy Test
Sync Word PDU Header PDU Length
Bluetooth
®
Physical Layer and Transmitter Measurements
tek.com/bluetooth
Access Code
Preamble
Preamble
CRC
CRC
Access CodeHeader
Header
Access Address
Header Guard Time SyncPayload
Payload
PDU
Payload
2380
22 MHz
Bluetooth: 79
1 MHz Channels
24202400 2440 2460 2480
LSB MSB
2500
Why this channel numbering?…
CH 37
CH 0–10
CH 38
CH 39
CH 11–36
Modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying; 40 two-MHz-wide Channels
frequency-shift
keying:
28
Bluetooth LE Frequency Hopping (for Data Channels Only)
22
f
n+1
= (f
n
+ hop) mod 37
5 ≤ hop ≤ 16
Once connection is made, transmissions hop between the remaining 37 channels
First stage of connection (“advertising”) happens on one of three channels
28
Bluetooth LE Link Layer Packets
23
Preamble
Access
Address
Header
Length
Payload
Data
CRC
1 byte
4 bytes
1 byte
1 byte
0–37 bytes
3 bytes
0x8E89BED6 for advertising packets and
a pseudorandom value for other packets
01010101
10101010
or
Why: Receiver keeps a sliding window of 40 bits to see if signal
received is a true packet or random noise.
▶ The preamble and access address allow it to do this (correlation)
28
Bluetooth LE Characteristics Summary
24
▶ Transceiver IC won’t heat up appreciably during packet transmission,
removing the need for re-calibration hardware (thus lower cost)
Maximum data rate
1 Mb/s at link layer; much lower in practice for applications
Maximum range
~100 m
Typical power dissipation for transceiver
~50 mW–100 mW at maximum throughput (PAN1326 module, which uses TI CC2564 transceiver)
Short packets
Maximum payload: 37 bytes
9.5 mm
28
Other Wireless Communication Technologies
25
IEEE 802.11 / WiFi
Notes: Open standard, high data rates, but much higher power consumption / cost
IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee
Notes: Open standard, low power, low data rate personal area networks (LR-WPAN), mesh networking
Bluetooth Classic
Notes: Open standard, PAN, higher data rate than BLE (but greater power usage, typically higher cost)
LoRa
Notes: Based on a proprietary physical layer
1
, for wide-area low-data-rate (< 50 kb/s) applications
NB-IoT
Notes: Based on LTE, for wide-area low-data-rate (< 250 kb/s) applications
Visible light communications (VLC)
Notes: Primarily in research deployments at the moment
1
Patents owned by Semtech
28
Further Reading
26
▶︎ Complete these online self-assessments on https://f-of-e.org/
▶︎ Like learning to swim, you can’t learn all you need from a textbook
Best next step: Get some practice and test your understanding
https://f-of-e.org/chapter-10/#exercises
▶︎ Bluetooth Low Energy, by Robin Heydon
An authoritative book on the topic
